Comparative Results of the Patients with Intracerebral and Intra-sylvian Hematoma in Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms

Article information

J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2013;15(3):200-205

Publication date (electronic) : 2013 September 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.7461/jcen.2013.15.3.200

Jong Gon Lee ¹, Chang-Taek Moon ¹, Young Il Chun ¹, Hong Gee Roh ², Jin Woo Choi ²

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence to Chang-Taek Moon. Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-729, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2030-7357, Fax: 82-2-2030-7359, 19900032@kuh.ac.kr

Received 2013 July 30; Revised 2013 August 22; Accepted 2013 August 30.

Abstract

Objective

To clarify the prognosis of the patients with intra-sylvian hematoma (ISH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH) in ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms.

Methods

We categorized hematoma into ISH and ICH by the presence of intra-hematomal contrast enhancing vessel (IHCEV) on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Forty-four ruptured MCA aneurysm patients with ICH or ISH were grouped by the grading system proposed by the authors in our previous study. We investigated the relevance of the following factors: patient's age, gender, Hunt-Hess grade, Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and changes in Glasgow coma scale (GCS) between pre-operation and 7 days after operation.

Results

There were no significant differences statistically in age, gender, Hunt-Hess grade, and GOS between the ISH and ICH groups. In their peri-operative GCS change, the ICH group showed greater improvement compared to the ISH group (p = 0.0391). The hematoma grade had a significant relevance with the patients' GOS.

Conclusion

Although there were no significant statistic differences in the GOS of the 2 hematoma groups, there were prominent improvements of post-operative GCS in the ICH group. Unlike in the ISH group, effective removal of hematoma was possible in most patients of the ICH group. Thus although there is no difference in the prognosis of the 2 groups, early surgical evacuation of hematoma seems to be effective in improving the short-term GCS score in peri-operative period.

Keywords: Intracerebral hematoma; Cerebral aneurysm; Middle cerebral artery

INTRODUCTION

Intracerebral hematoma (ICH) and intra-sylvian hematoma (ISH) occur in 35-55% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from the ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms and that hematomas are associated with poor outcome.8)10)15) However, their presence is known to have little effect on the prognosis of the patients following an early operation.1)13)14) In our last study, we applied the hematoma grading system to predict the prognosis of ruptured MCA patients. Hematoma volume, midline shifting and diffuse SAH were used as variables.11) The result showed that the grading system had a significant relationship with the patients' Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Van der Zande et al.15) used computed tomography angiography (CTA) to categorize the hematoma into pure ICH and ISH depending on the presence of intra-hematomal contrast enhancing vessel (IHCEV). The difference in prognosis of ICH and ISH patients was not significant. However, from the surgical point of view, there seemed to be a definite difference between ICH and ISH. ICH is easily removable in contrast to ISH. This led us to evaluate the differences in the peri-operative Glasgow coma scale (GCS) in the 2 hematoma groups, and we wished to clarify the effect on the patients' prognoses. We evaluated 44 ruptured MCA aneurysm patients with hematoma who were admitted at our hospital between August 2005 and December 2012.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred five patients with SAH from ruptured MCA aneurysms were admitted from August, 2005 to December, 2012. Forty-four patients (41.9%) among them had ICH or ISH of more than 5 cc in CT scan (Table 1). Their age ranged from 26 to 81 years old and the male to female ratio was 1:1.44 (M:18, F:26). Among the 44 cases, 25 patients (56.8%) had ICH while 19 (43.2%) had ISH. The presence of enhancing vessels were noted in these patients by comparison of their non-enhanced CT and CTA.15) We suggested the hematoma grading system, 1 or 2 points were assigned depending on the volume being less or greater than 25 cc. The presence of diffuse SAH was assigned 1 point in the hematoma scale and 0 point for focal SAH, and 1 point was assigned to midline shifting of more than 5 mm versus 0 point for those less than 5 mm (Table 2).11)

Table 1

Clinical data of 44 patients with ICH and ISH in ruptured MCA aneurysms

Table 2

Hematoma grading system

We investigated each patient's hematoma grade, type in CT and CTA, and we compared their age, gender, Hunt-Hess grade and GOS. The change in GCS from admission to 7 days after surgery was also compared.

Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent factors predicting the patients' prognoses.

RESULTS

The Hunt-Hess Grades at admission were 2 in 7 cases (15.9%), 3 in 11 cases (25%), and 4 in 24 cases (54.5%). Thirty two cases (72.7%) showed diffuse SAH in the initial brain CT, while 12 cases (27.3%) did not. Twenty six had midline shifting of average 7.5 mm (range 1-18 mm) and 16 among these patients had midline shifting of more than 5 mm. The average hematoma volume was 36.73 cc (range 5-107 cc). By hematoma grade, 5 cases (11.4%) were grade 1, 19 cases (43.2%) grade 2, 12 case (27.2%) grade 3, and 8 cases (18.2%) grade 4. The GOS were evaluated in these patients; 5 patients were categorized as grade 1, 4 as grade 2, 11 as grade 3, 10 as grade 4, and 14 as grade 5. Most of these patients needed rehabilitation and therefore their final GOS was checked at the point of discharge after rehabilitation (about 1-1.5 months after admission). The average GOS of the ICH patients were 3.64, where 2 patients were categorized as grade 1, 3 as grade 2, 6 as grade 3, 5 as grade 4, and 9 as grade 5. The average GOS of the ISH patients was 3.42, where 3 patients were categorized as grade 1, 1 as grade 2, 5 as grade 3, 5 as grade 4, and 5 as grade 5. Assuming the patients with GOS 4 and above to have good prognoses and those below 4 to have poor prognoses, 24 patients had GOS equal to or more than 4 and 20 had less than 4 (Table 3). Comparing the GOS of ICH and ISH patients, the group of hematoma type did not hold any statistical significance (p = 0.824). However, in the change of GCS, the result was different when comparing the pre-operative GCS and the post-operative GCS at day 7 (Table 4). The ICH group had average pre-operative GCS of 9.48 and average post-operative GCS at day 7 of 13.4, an average improvement of 3.92 with no patient having lower GCS after operation. The ISH group had average pre-operative GCS of 10.84 and average post-operative GCS of 12.26, an average improvement of 1.42. Subsequently, in ruptured MCA aneurysm patients, those with ICH improved more after surgery compared to those with ISH statistically (p = 0.0391).

Table 3

Clinical features by GOS

Table 4

Clinical features by hematoma type

The ICH patients had a larger average hematoma volume of 43.68 cc (range 5-107 cc) compared to that of the ISH patients, which was 27.57 cc (range 8-103 cc). Consequently, the 14 of 25 (56%) ICH patients had midline shifting of more than 5 mm, while 2 of 19 (10.5%) ISH patients had midline shifting of more than 5 mm.

The higher hematoma grade resulted in lower GOS (p = 0.041).

DISCUSSION

Intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with an increased mortality rate in patients with ruptured aneurismal SAH,2)5) and emergent craniotomy with evacuation of the hematoma and aneurysm clipping should be considered.3)4)6)16) Many studies have categorized hematoma into types and analyzed the difference in prognoses.

Shimoda et al.12) subdivided hematomas into temporal ICH, ISH, and ICH with diffuse SAH, and noted that the patients with ISH/ICH with diffuse SAH fared worse compared with those with only ISH/ICH. Prat et al.9) categorized hematomas into temporal ICH and ISH, and observed better outcomes in patients with temporal. Oh et al.7) grouped hematomas into frontal ICH, temporal ICH, and ISH, and found that temporal ICH had more favorable clinical outcome when compared to the other hematoma groups.

van der Zande et al.15) stated that when categorizing the hematoma types into ICH and ISH depending on the existence of IHCEV, admission status and outcome were similar for both groups.

In our previous study, we proposed a grading system for hematoma accompanied by ruptured MCA aneurysm.11) This grading system is currently being used in our hospital as a useful tool in evaluating the patient prognosis.

We attempted to confirm van der Zande's statement on prognosis by different hematoma types. We also investigated the relationship between our hematoma grading system and the types categorized by van der Zande. The average hematoma grade was 2.3 (SD ± 0.89) in the ISH group and 2.8 (SD ± 1.04) in the ICH group.

The group with ICH generally had a larger hematoma volume and more frequent midline shifting compared to the ISH group. Generally, the ICH group had higher hematoma grades, and this had a direct association with their GOS.

In our study of the ruptured MCA aneurysm patients, the group with accompanying ICH had a lower average GCS at admission, but improved more after surgery compared to the group with accompanying ISH.

This was because in ICH, the hematoma is located within the brain parenchyma and thus is easily removable. ICH has a larger volume in general, and therefore greater improvement in consciousness can be expected by removing this lesion. Although there is no significant difference in the outcome of the 2 hematoma groups, the degree of improvement might be higher in ICH group compared to ISH group.

CONCLUSION

Ruptured MCA aneurysm with hematoma, as in our previous study, proved to have a clear relationship between the hematoma grade and prognosis and this was confirmed to be statistically significant in this study. There were no notable differences in prognoses when simply subdividing the hematoma into ICH and ISH. However, when comparing their peri-operative GCS, a greater improvement in consciousness level after surgery was noted in ICH patients.

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Table 1

Clinical data of 44 patients with ICH and ISH in ruptured MCA aneurysms

F= Female; M= Male; ICH= intracerebral hematoma; ISH= intra-sylvian hematoma; POD 7= post-operative day 7; MCA= middle cerebral artery; SAH= subarachnoid hemorrhage; GOS= Glasgow outcome scale ; GCS= Glasgow coma scale.